Annual net production of the five Sargassaceae species in Yoro,western Wakasa Bay,Sea of Japan

ABSTRACT:   Annual net production of the five Sargassaceae species was investigated in Yoro, western Wakasa Bay, Sea of Japan. The Sargassaceae species were collected at a depth of 2.0–2.5 m and subjected to stratified clipping for 13 months. Annual net production was estimated at 2407 g dry wt/m² for Sargassum patens , 2132 g dry wt/m² for Sargassum macrocarpum , 1458 g dry wt/m² for Sargassum siliquastrum , 1197 g dry wt/m² for Myagropsis myagroides , and 1471 g dry wt/m² for Sargassum piluliferum . The ratio of annual net production to maximum biomass (P/B_max) for these species ranged between 1.3 and 1.7, being higher than in previous studies which used the same method. Winter storms with strong wave exposure and relatively calm condition in Yoro were considered to augment P/B_max. The total losses estimated from the different units of stratified clipping were compared. If larger and less segregated units were applied, the total loss would decrease. It was suggested that a 50 cm stratum would be applicable to the larger species (3 m or longer) and a stratum of 20 cm or less would be applicable to mid-sized or smaller species (less than 3 m).     

The cytochrome P450 system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): II. Variations in hepatic catalytic activities and isozyme patterns during an annual reproductive cycle

A group of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was followed through their first year of maturation and spawning. At monthly intervals, starting with juvenile fish in December, 5–7 fish of each sex were killed, and liver and plasma were sampled. The last sampling point was of spawning fish in November a year later. Variables in the cytochrome P450 (P450) system were studied in hepatic microsomes, and estradiol 17 was measured in the plasma of females to assess the maturational status. The P450 1A1-mediated 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) started at high levels in winter, but decreased to non-detectable activities in pre-spawning females. Decreases, but not to the same extent, were also observed during this period in total cytochrome P450, cytochrome b₅, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, and in the content of two immunochemically determined P450 isozymes. At the same time, LSI levels increased in maturing females (starting in July), and GSI levels increased in both sexes (starting in May). Sex specific differences were observed in pre-spawning fish in September and October, with levels of total P450, b₅, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, EROD and P450 isozymes significantly lower in females. At the same time, plasma estradiol-17 levels reached peak values in females. The results point to the important role of sex steroids such as estradiol-17 as major factors in the regulation of final sexual maturation. However, this study also indicates that there may be estradiol-17 independent events of equal importance in the early stages of gonadal maturation that may involve the P450 system. The changes observed in the P450 system (as a major drug and steroid metabolizing system) of Atlantic salmon during sexual maturation may be of importance both in the endogenous transduction of hormonal signals, and as a pharmacological basis for designing therapeutic treatment of diseases in the aquaculture industry.Parts of this work were presented at the 5th International Symposium on Responses of Marine Organisms to Pollutants, April 1989 in Plymouth, United Kingdom (Larsen and Goks\/oyr 1989).     

花榈木实生苗苗期的生长发育节律

为花榈木苗木的科学培育管理和培育优质壮苗提供理论依据,利用 Logistic方程拟合方法,对花榈木1年生实生苗木的苗高和地径的年生长发育节律进行了研究。结果表明：花榈木苗木的年生长量呈明显的慢－快－慢－快－慢”的生长发育节律。花榈木生长可划分为出苗期、生长初期、速生期和生长后期4个阶段,出苗期为5月上旬至6月上旬,持续时间长;生长初期为6月中旬,持续时间短,仅10 d;速生期为6月中下旬至8月中下旬,持续时间长,生长量最大,占整个苗高生长量的56．46％、地径生长量的54．69％;地径比苗高提前10 d 进入速生期,持续时间比苗高短22 d,苗高在8月中下旬还有较大生长生,地径在8月中旬提前进入生长后期,苗高持续生长一段时间后在8月下旬进入生长后期。     

长江口刀鲚汛期特征及其资源状况的年际变化分析

刀鲚是长江水域重要的洄游性经济鱼类。根据2008-2011年捕捞汛期长江口刀鲚的观测数据,对刀鲚汛期特征及汛期体长、体重以及渔获量的年变化进行研究。研究结果表明:2008-2011年各年调查汛期内长江口刀鲚的体长分布均呈显著差异,2008年的优势体长组为26~38 cm,2009年的优势体长组为22~32 cm,2010、2011年的优势体长组为24~34 cm,2008年优势叉长组较其他年份大,2011年的体长均值小于其他年份;调查的汛期样本中,150 g以上的大规格刀鲚在群体中所占比例逐年下降,而50 g以下的小规格刀鲚比例逐年增加,刀鲚个体小型化趋势明显;汛期内长江口刀鲚单船每网的渔获量(CPUE)不断减少,2011年最低,相较2010年,其单船每网渔获量下降了95.5%;2008-2011年各年刀鲚的汛期特征基本表现一致,3月下旬至4月中旬进入刀鲚的旺汛期,捕捞产量较大。     

Forage chain arrangement for sustainable livestock systems in a Mediterranean area

Mediterranean forage systems suffer from limited availability of fresh forage because of water deficits and extreme temperatures. Consequently, fresh forage is unavailable for at least 6–7 months a year, and farmers must buy feed to support livestock production. With the aim of overcoming these limitations, a 2‐year trial was conducted on three distinct sites in Sicily (at 10, 600 and 1200 m elevation) with thirty‐four varieties of forage species belonging to nine biennial/perennial and thirteen annual species. Results showed that by integrating grasses and legumes, species from environments with different climatic conditions enable the season of forage production to be extended from mid‐April to mid‐November. Quality traits of forage in different areas varied in relation to species and varieties. In general, the sown‐forage quality was better than in pastures and fallows in the same areas commonly used to feed animals. This also leads to a reduction in the use of supplementary feeds. Among the tested species, Lolium multiflorum and Medicago sativa emerged as the most promising for filling the forage‐deficit periods, and Trifolium spp. and Vicia sativa were found to be superior for increasing forage quality. The results are discussed in the context of adapting Mediterranean forage supplies for ensuring greater sustainability of livestock production in mountain, hill and plain areas. The proposed forage chain arrangement represents part of local potential adaptation to climate limitations and climate change.     

Study on A New Type of Soft Wheel for High Efficiency Grinding

The paper describes the design of high efficiency soft throw away wheel whose tension of abrasive belt is adjustable.With the airbag internal capsule and continuous spring ring structure,grinding vibration is decreased and machining accuracy is improved.     

台湾中部暖温带阔叶林年轮特征、生长与树龄结构

台湾目前对于阔叶树种的生长轮少有研究,尤其对于天然阔叶林的生长趋势与模型的相关研究更是缺乏,许多资料仍相当不足,有鉴于此,本研究将针对台湾中部地区的典型暖温带阔叶林进行生长轮的研究与探讨。神木溪保护林于2003年已设置完成18个长期观察的森林动态样区,本研究采用第13~18共6个样区内所有胸径大于6 cm之阔叶树,依据林分特征调查结果,钻取大于6 cm胸径林木,钻取高度约在胸径位置,共取得22科33属39种合计448支树芯。年轮分析运用实体显微镜配合CCD拍摄,目视各树种内年轮的变异,并加以分类,作为年轮目视判视与计数年轮的依据,并用Velmax系统量测年轮宽度,应用树冠级模式(CCM)、定期生长量模式(PAI)及混合模式(Mixed)建立各冠层生长趋势,并解析各树种树龄结构,以提供台湾最大面积、分布最广之楠槠及栎林带林分经营之参考。年轮特征上,属于散孔材树种占79%;半环孔材树种占18%;环孔材树种占3%。生长趋势上,所有树种的平均生长速率统计结果为3.53 mm/a。冠层产生垂直层次分化作用明显,显示出其生长的趋势,上主冠层直径增长情形最快,平均生长率为4.47 mm/a;主冠层其次,平均生长率为2.95 mm/a;底冠层速率最慢,平均生长率为2.92 mm/a。PAI模式显示大部分树种的生长趋势是呈现年轮宽度随树龄增加而增加或线性常数的情形。树龄估算以树冠级模式、PAI模式和混合模式3种模式估算,全部平均年龄分别为55、60、59年。混合模式的利用可以降低单独使用树冠级模式或PAI模式的误差率。树龄结构上,依树冠级模式、PAI模式及混合模式龄级分布结果,本样区充满耐阴性树种前生苗与灌木,逐渐形成典型的复层林。树龄出现2种分群,第1种大多为耐阴性树种的小苗,树木建立时间为20世纪后期;第2种在1900年左右形成了1个独立的单峰。年轮不明显区别造成类型分类的困难,轮宽不规则也无法明确定年,PAI模式需要大量的各龄阶树芯数据建立回归模式,所得到的模型才具有足够之代表性,混合模式虽解决了部分树龄推估的误差,但仍有其他问题,因此日后应更进一步进行探讨与分析,方能对森林生态系之永续经营与发展产生一定程度的帮助。本研究提供暖温带阔叶林林分径向生长与树龄结构信息,以供森林收获采伐和森林永续经营参考。      

PEG介导的Botryosphaeria dothidea突变体库表型分析及致病突变体筛选

对已建立的PEG突变体库中随机挑选的320株突变体菌株进行表型和致病性筛选,获得表型或致病性显著变化的菌株。将突变菌株及野生菌株接种至PDA培养基,观察生长3d和7d时菌落颜色及形态,测量菌落直径。将表型变化菌株及野生菌株接种于离体富士叶片,测量接种5d后病斑直径。生长速率检测显示有40株生长速率加快,有3株生长速率显著下降。14株突变体菌落颜色发生明显变化,菌落呈黑色或纯白色;15株突变体菌落形状不规则且气生菌丝稀疏;其中7株同时具有两种表型特征。致病性测定获得致病性增强突变体s104和致病性减弱突变体s172。所筛选的320株突变体中,表型异常菌株占6.8%,同时获得两株致病性变化菌株,对进一步揭示Botryosphaeria dothidea的致病机理具有重要价值。     

湖南慈利县地质灾害风险区划研究

采用单元网格法,利用计分规则绘制出慈利县地质灾害区划图,区划结果表明,慈利县的双溪、罗依溪镇和岩头寨的大部分地区是地质灾害高易发区,慈利南部的大部分地区相对来说不易发生地质灾害。地质灾害区划结果可为政府部门进行科学规划提供一定的参考。     

Study on the strength retention of technical cord yarn

This research studies the factors which influence the tensile strength of tire cords. Five yarn samples are made by changing the spinning conditions and viscosity to get various physical properties. Different twisting methods are introduced and the yarns are twisted under different processing conditions for each twisting process. With the experimental results, various analyses are performed to find the important factors in retaining strength after the twisting process. SEM and optical microscopic photographs are taken along with some measurements to assist the analysis.